Teacher Appreciation Gifts: Meaningful Ways to Thank Educators in 2026

This comprehensive guide explores teacher appreciation gift ideas that genuinely honor educators—from thoughtful personal gestures to systemic recognition programs that celebrate teaching excellence permanently. Whether you’re a parent seeking to thank an individual teacher, a PTA organizing appreciation initiatives, or a school administrator designing comprehensive recognition programs, these strategies provide frameworks for expressing gratitude that resonates authentically with the professionals who dedicate their lives to student success.

Modern recognition displays honor educators permanently, celebrating their contributions to school communities year after year

Understanding What Teachers Truly Value: Beyond Generic Gifts

Before exploring specific appreciation ideas, understanding what educators genuinely value helps ensure recognition efforts resonate meaningfully rather than feeling perfunctory.

The Teacher Appreciation Gap

Despite their critical societal role, teachers consistently report feeling underappreciated:

Recognition Challenges in Education

• 67% of teachers feel undervalued in their professional roles
• 55% cite lack of respect and recognition as factors in job dissatisfaction
• Teacher turnover costs U.S. schools an estimated $2.2 billion annually
• First-year teacher attrition rates exceed 15%, with recognition cited as a retention factor
• Recognition programs are among the most cost-effective interventions for improving teacher satisfaction

What Doesn’t Work

• Generic gift cards with no personal acknowledgment
• Mass-produced items that feel like afterthoughts
• One-size-fits-all gifts ignoring individual preferences
• Recognition that feels obligatory rather than genuine
• Appreciation limited to single annual events

Professional Growth Support

• Resources for classroom improvement or professional development
• Time and flexibility to pursue teaching innovation
• Opportunities to share expertise with colleagues
• Recognition that elevates their professional standing

Lasting Legacy Recognition

• Permanent acknowledgment of career contributions
• Documentation preserving their impact on students and programs
• Inclusion in school history and institutional memory
• Recognition systems ensuring their work isn’t forgotten after retirement

Understanding these preferences guides more meaningful appreciation strategies that honor teachers as the professionals they are rather than offering token gestures that miss the mark entirely.

Thoughtful Personal Gifts: Individual Teacher Appreciation Ideas

While systemic recognition programs provide important frameworks, personal gestures from individual students, families, or colleagues often create the most emotional impact.

From Students and Families

Heartfelt Letters and Notes

Nothing resonates more powerfully with teachers than specific, personal messages about their impact. Rather than generic “thank you for being my teacher” notes, encourage students to share:

• Specific lessons, concepts, or moments that influenced them
• How the teacher’s support helped them overcome challenges
• Personal growth they experienced in that teacher’s classroom
• Ways the teacher’s dedication or caring made a difference
• Future aspirations the teacher helped them develop

These detailed letters become treasured keepsakes teachers preserve throughout careers, providing tangible reminders of why their work matters during challenging days.

Student Success Stories

Former students returning to share how a teacher influenced their educational or career paths creates profound appreciation. Whether through in-person visits, video messages, or written testimonials, these success stories demonstrate lasting impact beyond grade books and standardized tests. Many teachers keep collections of these messages, revisiting them during difficult periods as reminders of their enduring influence.

Classroom Wishlist Gifts

Teachers frequently spend personal funds on classroom supplies, books, materials, and resources. Coordinating with teachers to identify specific classroom needs ensures gifts directly support their work:

• Books for classroom libraries matching current curriculum needs
• Specific supplies for hands-on learning activities
• Technology accessories enhancing digital instruction
• Flexible seating options or classroom organization solutions
• Specialty items supporting their teaching approach

This practical support reduces financial burden while demonstrating genuine understanding of classroom realities.

Comprehensive recognition spaces celebrate educators alongside student achievements, honoring the mentors who make excellence possible

Memory Books and Collections

Coordinate class projects creating memory books featuring notes, artwork, or messages from all students. These collaborative gifts capture collective appreciation while providing lasting mementos teachers revisit throughout careers. Digital versions can include video messages, photo compilations, or multimedia elements preserving entire class experiences.

From Colleagues and Administrators

Peer Recognition Programs

Establish systems enabling teachers to recognize colleagues’ excellence, collaboration, or support. Peer acknowledgment often resonates powerfully because it comes from professionals who understand teaching challenges intimately. Consider:

• “Teacher Shoutout” boards where staff publicly celebrate colleagues
• Peer-nominated recognition awards highlighting specific contributions
• Collaboration acknowledgment recognizing team teaching or mentorship
• Staff meeting recognition moments celebrating individual teachers

Learn more about implementing comprehensive academic recognition programs that include educator celebration.

Professional Development Opportunities

Supporting teachers’ professional growth demonstrates investment in their careers:

• Conference attendance funding or registration fees
• Professional learning community participation support
• Subscriptions to educational resources or journals
• Opportunities to present at professional development events
• Time and resources for curriculum innovation projects

This recognition acknowledges teachers as professionals committed to continuous improvement while providing tangible career advancement support.

Time and Flexibility Recognition

In professions where time represents the scarcest resource, gifts of flexibility carry significant value:

• Substitute coverage enabling planning time or classroom preparation
• Flexible schedule accommodations for personal needs
• Additional planning periods or collaboration time
• Release time for professional development or innovation projects
• Support staff assistance reducing non-instructional burdens

These gifts demonstrate understanding that teachers’ most valuable resource is often time to do their work excellently without constant pressure and overextension.

Schoolwide Teacher Appreciation Programs: Systemic Recognition

Individual gifts matter, but comprehensive schoolwide programs create cultures where educator appreciation becomes embedded in organizational DNA rather than relegated to single annual events.

Teacher Appreciation Week Activities

While Teacher Appreciation Week (first full week of May) provides designated recognition time, effective programs extend well beyond single weeks through year-round acknowledgment.

Week-Long Celebration Ideas

Daily Themes and Recognition

• Monday: Favorite teacher memories from students and families
• Tuesday: Staff appreciation breakfast or treats throughout the day
• Wednesday: Community partner recognition events or donated services
• Thursday: Student performances or presentations honoring teachers
• Friday: Awards ceremony or recognition assembly

Staff Lounge Enhancements Transform teacher spaces during appreciation week with:

• Catered meals and refreshments throughout the week
• Massage therapists, wellness activities, or relaxation opportunities
• Decorated spaces with appreciation messages from students
• Photo booths capturing celebration moments
• Gift baskets, door prizes, or daily surprises

Community Involvement Engage broader communities in teacher appreciation:

• Business partner sponsorships providing gifts, meals, or services
• Parent volunteers organizing events and coordination
• Local media featuring teacher spotlights and appreciation stories
• Social media campaigns celebrating individual educators
• Community members sharing teacher appreciation messages

Explore creative school recognition ideas that honor educators alongside student achievements.

Year-Round Recognition Systems

Single-week appreciation, while valuable, should complement ongoing recognition that maintains visibility throughout school years.

Monthly Teacher Spotlights

Feature individual teachers each month through:

• Newsletter profiles highlighting teaching philosophies and approaches
• Social media recognition with classroom photos and impact stories
• Staff meeting acknowledgment of specific contributions
• Display features in high-traffic school areas
• Video interviews showcasing their work and dedication

This sustained attention ensures all educators receive individual recognition rather than generic collective acknowledgment during single designated weeks.

Service Milestone Recognition

Systematically celebrate teaching career milestones:

• 5, 10, 15, 20, 25+ year service anniversaries
• Retirement recognition honoring complete career contributions
• Special certificates, plaques, or commemorative items
• Recognition ceremonies during staff meetings or school events
• Legacy documentation preserving their impact for posterity

These milestone celebrations demonstrate that schools value sustained commitment while building institutional memory around educators who shaped generations of students.

Interactive recognition systems enable exploring detailed teacher profiles, accomplishments, and impact stories

Excellence Award Programs

Establish formal recognition programs honoring teaching excellence:

• Teacher of the Year awards with selection criteria valuing diverse excellence
• Subject-specific recognition celebrating content expertise
• Innovation awards honoring pedagogical creativity
• Mentorship recognition for teachers supporting colleagues
• Community impact awards celebrating educator contributions beyond classrooms

Structure these programs with transparent selection processes, meaningful acknowledgment, and permanent recognition ensuring award recipients receive ongoing visibility. Learn about comprehensive approaches to educator recognition displays honoring teaching excellence.

Digital Recognition Displays: Permanent Teacher Celebration

Traditional teacher appreciation—whether gift-giving or single events—creates temporary acknowledgment that fades after moments pass. Modern digital recognition systems overcome this limitation by creating permanent, accessible celebration of educator contributions.

The Power of Permanent Recognition

Digital recognition displays installed in school lobbies, main hallways, or gathering spaces provide:

Year-Round Visibility Rather than limiting teacher recognition to single weeks or events, permanent displays ensure educators receive ongoing acknowledgment every day students, families, and visitors pass through school spaces. This constant visibility communicates that teacher appreciation represents core organizational values rather than occasional obligations.

Comprehensive Storytelling Unlike traditional plaques listing names and years, digital systems enable rich multimedia content including:

• Detailed teacher biographies and educational backgrounds
• Teaching philosophy statements and classroom approaches
• Student testimonials about specific impacts and influences
• Photographs capturing classroom moments and interactions
• Career milestone documentation and achievement recognition
• Video profiles featuring interviews or classroom footage

This comprehensive content transforms surface-level acknowledgment into meaningful storytelling that honors educators’ full contributions.

Searchable Archives Families and students can explore current and retired teachers, search for specific educators who influenced them, browse by subject area or grade level, and discover historical faculty members spanning decades of school history. This accessibility extends recognition beyond physical school visits to anyone exploring recognition systems online.

Easy Content Management Cloud-based administrative interfaces enable school staff to:

• Add new teachers immediately upon hiring
• Update profiles as educators achieve milestones or recognition
• Feature retiring teachers with career retrospectives
• Maintain accurate information without depending on IT support
• Schedule recognition content for specific dates or events

Solutions like Rocket Alumni Solutions provide comprehensive digital recognition displays specifically designed for educational institutions, combining professional touchscreen hardware with intuitive content management systems that make maintaining teacher recognition simple and sustainable.

Implementation Considerations

Schools exploring digital teacher recognition should consider:

• Strategic Placement: Install displays where maximum numbers of students, families, and visitors encounter them—main lobbies, cafeterias, outside offices, or major hallways
• Content Strategy: Develop teacher profile templates capturing consistent information while enabling personalization
• Photo Collection: Maintain professional headshots and classroom photos for all faculty members
• Integration: Connect teacher recognition with broader school history, student achievement, and alumni success stories
• Launch Strategy: Plan ribbon-cutting events or formal unveilings generating excitement and engagement

Learn about comprehensive strategies for showcasing school history that includes educator recognition alongside institutional evolution.

Integrated recognition displays honor teachers alongside student achievements, celebrating the mentors who make excellence possible

Budget-Friendly Teacher Appreciation Ideas

Meaningful teacher recognition doesn’t require substantial budgets. Thoughtful, personalized appreciation often resonates more powerfully than expensive gestures lacking genuine sentiment.

Low-Cost High-Impact Recognition

Student-Created Appreciation

Some of the most treasured teacher gifts cost nothing financially while carrying immense emotional value:

• Hand-written letters detailing specific impacts and influences
• Student artwork created specifically to thank teachers
• Class video compilations with individual appreciation messages
• Poems or creative writing pieces dedicated to teachers
• Performance dedications honoring educators during concerts or events

These student-generated expressions demonstrate authentic appreciation that purchased gifts rarely match.

Time and Service Gifts

Volunteers offering practical support provide valuable assistance:

• Parents organizing classroom activities or field trip chaperoning
• Families providing meals during particularly busy school periods
• Community members offering specialized instruction in areas of expertise
• Volunteers handling classroom preparation or materials organization
• Staff collaborating to cover duties enabling planning time

This practical support reduces workload stress while demonstrating tangible appreciation through action.

Public Recognition Without Cost

Multiple recognition approaches require only time and intentionality:

• Social media spotlights celebrating individual teachers weekly
• Newsletter features with teacher interviews and classroom highlights
• Website recognition pages honoring all faculty members
• Hallway displays with student-created teacher appreciation boards
• Morning announcements highlighting specific teacher contributions

Consistent, genuine public acknowledgment communicates appreciation as effectively as expensive gifts while building broader awareness of teachers’ essential work.

Strategic Budget Allocation

For organizations with dedicated appreciation budgets, strategic allocation maximizes impact:

Prioritize Personalization Over Expense $25 spent on something individually meaningful to a specific teacher resonates more powerfully than generic $100 gifts lacking personal connection. Invest time understanding individual preferences rather than budget on impressive-looking items teachers won’t use.

Invest in Systems, Not Just Events Rather than exhausting budgets on single appreciation week events, allocate resources toward sustainable recognition systems providing ongoing value:

• Digital recognition displays serving schools for years or decades
• Award program infrastructure honoring excellence systematically
• Professional development opportunities supporting career growth
• Classroom supply funds reducing teachers’ personal expenses

These systemic investments create lasting appreciation infrastructure rather than momentary celebrations quickly forgotten.

Leverage Community Partnerships Engage local businesses, parent organizations, and community groups in sharing appreciation costs through sponsorships, donated services, in-kind contributions, or volunteer coordination. This distributed support reduces organizational burden while building community connections around educator appreciation.

Making Recognition Personal: Tailoring Appreciation to Individual Teachers

Generic, one-size-fits-all recognition feels perfunctory regardless of expense. Personalization demonstrates genuine knowledge of individual educators and their unique contributions.

Understanding Teacher Preferences

Before planning appreciation, consider individual circumstances and preferences:

Personal Recognition Style

• Some teachers love public acknowledgment and spotlight moments
• Others prefer quiet, private appreciation away from attention
• Understanding these preferences prevents well-intentioned recognition from feeling uncomfortable

Individual Interests and Needs

• Classroom teachers might value supplies or books
• Coaches need athletic equipment or team resources
• Music educators appreciate performance materials
• Counselors value wellness resources or professional materials

Learn about honoring coaches and specialized educators through recognition programs tailored to their unique contributions.

Career Stage Considerations

• New teachers benefit from mentorship, resources, and encouragement
• Mid-career educators value leadership opportunities and professional growth
• Veteran teachers appreciate legacy recognition and retirement planning
• Retiring teachers deserve comprehensive career celebration and documentation

Collecting Meaningful Information

Create teacher profile systems capturing information useful for personalized recognition:

• Favorite classroom supplies or needed resources
• Professional interests and development goals
• Hobbies and personal interests outside teaching
• Favorite foods, restaurants, or gift preferences
• Recognition style preferences (public vs. private)
• Significant career milestones or anniversaries approaching

This information enables genuinely personalized appreciation that demonstrates attentiveness to individual teachers rather than generic gestures applied uniformly across all faculty.

Recognition spaces become community gathering points where students, families, and visitors celebrate educators alongside institutional history

Special Recognition: Retiring Teachers and Career Milestones

Educators reaching career milestones or retirement deserve special recognition honoring sustained contributions spanning years or decades of student impact.

Retirement Recognition Programs

Teachers concluding careers merit comprehensive celebration acknowledging their complete professional contributions:

Career Retrospective Documentation

Create comprehensive documentation preserving retiring teachers’ legacies:

• Written career histories documenting teaching assignments and evolution
• Collected student testimonials and impact stories spanning career years
• Photograph compilations showing classroom moments across decades
• Video interviews capturing teaching philosophies and memorable moments
• Achievement documentation highlighting awards, milestones, and recognition

This documentation becomes valuable for families, former students seeking to reconnect, and school archives preserving institutional memory. Digital recognition systems provide ideal platforms for housing this content permanently.

Retirement Celebration Events

Host formal events honoring retiring educators:

• Retirement receptions bringing together colleagues, students, and families
• Recognition ceremonies during staff meetings or school assemblies
• Community appreciation events enabling broader participation
• Alumni gatherings connecting former students with beloved teachers
• Professional tributes from colleagues and administrators

These events create ceremonial closure while demonstrating genuine appreciation for career-long dedication.

Legacy Preservation

Ensure retiring teachers’ contributions remain visible after departure:

• Permanent recognition on teacher appreciation displays or honor walls
• Named recognition opportunities like classrooms, programs, or awards
• Endowed scholarships or programs honoring their teaching focus
• Archived lesson plans or materials benefiting future educators
• Oral histories or recorded interviews for school archives

This legacy preservation communicates that teachers’ impacts transcend their active teaching years, continuing to influence schools and students indefinitely.

Career Milestone Recognition

Systematically celebrate teaching anniversaries demonstrating sustained commitment:

5, 10, 15, 20, 25+ Year Recognition

• Formal acknowledgment during staff meetings or school events
• Commemorative gifts like engraved items or certificates
• Additional recognition for every five-year increment
• Feature profiles in newsletters or communications
• Social media celebration with career highlights

Milestone-Specific Appreciation

• 5 years: Welcome into established faculty community
• 10 years: Recognize developing expertise and leadership emergence
• 15 years: Honor sustained excellence and institutional knowledge
• 20 years: Celebrate approaching veteran status and mentorship
• 25+ years: Prepare for retirement transition and legacy documentation

This systematic approach ensures all educators receive recognition for longevity rather than acknowledgment reserved only for retirement.

The Role of Parents and PTAs in Teacher Appreciation

Parent organizations play crucial roles in organizing, funding, and executing teacher appreciation initiatives that individual families or schools might struggle to implement alone.

PTA-Coordinated Appreciation Programs

Teacher Appreciation Week Coordination

PTAs typically spearhead appreciation week activities through:

• Fundraising to support gift purchases or event costs
• Volunteer coordination for decorating, meal service, or activity logistics
• Communication with families encouraging participation and contributions
• Scheduling daily themes, activities, and special surprises
• Partnership development with community businesses for sponsorships

This organizational capacity enables comprehensive celebration exceeding what individual volunteers or school staff could coordinate.

Ongoing Recognition Support

Beyond single-week events, effective PTAs maintain year-round appreciation:

• Birthday recognition throughout school years
• Welcome gifts for new teachers joining faculty
• Support during particularly challenging periods
• Classroom supply fundraisers reducing teacher expenses
• Professional development scholarship programs

Explore comprehensive volunteer appreciation ideas applicable to parent volunteers supporting teacher recognition programs.

Individual Parent Contributions

Parents seeking to participate in teacher appreciation can:

Respect School Policies

• Follow guidelines regarding gifts, food items, or recognition approaches
• Coordinate with PTA to avoid duplication or coordination conflicts
• Ensure appreciation efforts align with school values and culture

Encourage Student Participation

• Help students write meaningful appreciation notes
• Support student-created gifts or projects
• Facilitate student involvement in school recognition events

Provide Specific, Useful Support

• Volunteer for classroom needs or field trip assistance
• Donate requested supplies rather than guessing preferences
• Offer professional expertise when relevant to curriculum

Modern recognition systems integrate seamlessly with traditional displays, honoring educators alongside student achievements

Creating Lasting Impact: Teacher Recognition Best Practices

Effective teacher appreciation requires thoughtful planning, genuine sentiment, and sustainable approaches rather than sporadic gestures or obligatory token gifts.

Essential Recognition Principles

Authenticity Over Expense

Teachers consistently report that genuine, personal appreciation resonates far more powerfully than expensive gifts lacking authentic sentiment. A heartfelt letter detailing specific impacts creates greater meaning than generic high-value items. Prioritize sincerity, specificity, and personal connection over budget.

Consistency and Sustainability

Single annual events provide limited value compared to consistent, year-round recognition embedded in organizational culture. Build sustainable systems requiring modest ongoing effort rather than exhausting volunteers with elaborate one-time celebrations quickly abandoned.

Inclusivity and Equity

Ensure all educators receive appropriate recognition rather than visible disparities where certain teachers attract disproportionate appreciation while others feel overlooked. Consider all faculty roles—classroom teachers, specialists, support staff, coaches, counselors—in comprehensive recognition programs.

Permanent and Accessible Recognition

Supplement temporary appreciation events with permanent recognition systems ensuring educators receive ongoing visibility. Digital displays, physical honor walls, documented histories, and archived testimonials create lasting acknowledgment transcending momentary gestures.

Measuring Recognition Effectiveness

Assess whether appreciation efforts achieve intended impacts:

Teacher Satisfaction Indicators

• Staff survey feedback about recognition adequacy
• Retention rate improvements following recognition program implementation
• Qualitative feedback about meaningful appreciation experiences
• Participation and engagement in recognition events and programs

Community Engagement Metrics

• Parent and family participation in appreciation initiatives
• Social media engagement with teacher recognition content
• Community partner involvement in sponsorship or support
• Student participation in appreciation activities and projects

Sustainability Measures

• Volunteer burnout rates among recognition program coordinators
• Budget adequacy for maintaining consistent programs
• Systematic implementation requiring reasonable time investment
• Recognition program continuation across leadership transitions

Regular assessment enables refining approaches, identifying what resonates most meaningfully with educators, and ensuring recognition programs remain sustainable rather than overwhelming organizers.

Technology-Enhanced Teacher Recognition: Modern Solutions

Digital tools expand recognition possibilities while creating accessible, searchable, and permanent celebration of educator contributions.

Digital Recognition Platforms

Modern recognition technology enables schools to:

Create Comprehensive Teacher Profiles

• Detailed biographies and educational backgrounds
• Career timelines documenting assignments and evolution
• Achievement documentation and awards received
• Student testimonials and impact stories
• Multimedia content including photos and videos

Maintain Searchable Databases

• Current and retired faculty searchable by name
• Filtering by subject area, grade level, or years taught
• Historical archives preserving institutional memory
• Alumni access enabling former students to find past teachers

Enable Easy Content Management

• Cloud-based administrative interfaces requiring no technical expertise
• Immediate updates when teachers reach milestones or retire
• Scheduled content publication for recognition events or announcements
• Multi-user access enabling distributed maintenance responsibility

Provide Multi-Platform Access

• Touchscreen kiosks in school lobbies and hallways
• Online access via school websites for remote exploration
• Mobile-responsive interfaces accessible from any device
• Integration with existing school communication systems

Solutions like Rocket Alumni Solutions specialize in educational recognition displays combining professional hardware installation with comprehensive content management specifically designed for honoring teachers, students, and school history permanently.

Implementation Strategies

Schools planning digital teacher recognition should:

Define Recognition Objectives

• Clarify what educator recognition should accomplish
• Identify priority faculty groups (all teachers, retirees, award winners)
• Determine content depth for individual profiles
• Establish update responsibilities and processes

Develop Content Collection Systems

• Create teacher profile templates capturing consistent information
• Establish photo collection and management processes
• Define testimonial gathering from students and families
• Build content review and approval workflows

Plan Strategic Deployment

• Select high-visibility installation locations
• Coordinate launch with recognition events or milestones
• Train administrative staff on content management
• Communicate availability to students, families, and community

Build Sustainable Maintenance

• Assign ongoing content management responsibilities
• Schedule regular content audits and updates
• Integrate new teacher onboarding into recognition systems
• Plan for periodic hardware maintenance and support

Learn about digital signage content strategies applicable to teacher recognition displays.

Interactive recognition displays enable intuitive exploration of teacher profiles and contributions for all visitors

Conclusion: Building Cultures of Educator Appreciation

Meaningful teacher appreciation transcends obligatory gift-giving or single-week celebrations to become fundamental organizational values embedded in school culture. When educators receive consistent, genuine recognition honoring their unique contributions, documenting their impacts on students, and preserving their legacies within institutional memory, schools create environments where excellent teachers want to remain, grow, and dedicate careers to student success.

The teacher appreciation strategies explored in this guide provide comprehensive frameworks spanning thoughtful personal gestures to systemic recognition programs to permanent digital celebration. From handwritten student letters creating emotional connections to permanent recognition displays honoring educators indefinitely, these approaches can be mixed and matched based on school size, available resources, and community preferences.

Remember that recognition effectiveness matters more than recognition expense. Educators consistently report that specificity, authenticity, and sustained appreciation resonate far more powerfully than costly gifts lacking genuine sentiment or personal connection. A detailed note explaining exactly how a teacher influenced a student’s life creates greater impact than expensive items ordered generically for all faculty.

Start where you are with appreciation approaches you can implement immediately—improving thank-you note quality, establishing teacher spotlight programs, collecting student testimonials systematically—then build toward comprehensive recognition systems serving your school community for generations. Every teacher who feels genuinely valued for their contributions becomes more likely to remain in their role, continue investing extraordinary effort, and inspire colleagues to similar dedication.

Your teachers’ commitment enables everything your school accomplishes. They deserve thoughtful, meaningful recognition honoring their dedication while creating visibility ensuring their influence extends far beyond classrooms and contract years. With strategic planning, authentic gratitude, and permanent recognition systems, you can build appreciation cultures transforming teacher retention, job satisfaction, and educational excellence.

Ready to begin? Explore comprehensive educator recognition strategies that celebrate all school leaders, or learn more about creating permanent recognition displays honoring teachers alongside student achievements.